Building Systems for Interior Designers

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Preface

The first edition of Building Systems for Interior Environments arose from my need for a textbook to use in teaching interior design students that gave them the understanding and skills to work with architects and engineers. This third edition of Building Systems for Interior Environments updates the role of interior designers as part of the building design team, and addresses their special needs for information on today’s building system design and equipment.

Interior designers today work closely with other design and construction professions to provide functional, sustainable, and healthy buildings. Sophisticated digital control systems permit design that supports varied occupancy and work styles and schedules. This results in more individualized control of the interior environment, which is conducive to worker satisfaction and productivity.

Sustainable design supports a holistic approach to building systems, where the older territorial distinctions between the various building system and architectural/engineering disciplines are opening up. Existing buildings are being adapted and reused for new purposes. The impact of energy efficiency and water conservation in buildings is widely recognized. This third edition of Building Systems for Interior Environments reflects these changes.

In addition, the third edition benefits from the comments of experienced educators as to the best ways to organize and focus the information. The updated contents are arranged to flow smoothly in an order that facilitates the teaching process. Part I looks at environmental conditions and the site, the building envelope and the building design process, sustainable design, the interaction of the human body with the built environment, and how building codes protect us. Part II addresses building forms, structures, and elements including floor/ceiling assemblies, walls, stairs, windows, and doors. Part III introduces acoustic design principles and architectural acoustics. Part IV addresses water supply, waste, and reuse systems, as well as plumbing fixtures and appliances.

Part V covers principles of thermal control, indoor air quality, ventilation, and moisture control, and heating and cooling. Part VI explains electrical system basics and electrical distribution, as well as lighting systems. Part VII concludes the book with coverage of fire safety design, conveyance systems, and communications, security, and control equipment.

More than 40 percent of the third edition’s text is new. This edition contains over 485 illustrations, approximately 260 of which are new and 160 redrawn or revised. There are also over 175 tables, 125 of which are new or significantly revised. References to related materials in other chapters are included. Tips indicating material of assistance and interest to interior designers are also included. Key terms are defined in the text and indicated in bold. Quotations from architectural and engineering sources aid in understanding the perspective of other design professionals.

Interior designers need to understand the viewpoints and respect the expertise of other design professionals. Building Systems for Interior Designers provides the information they need to do this, without delving into engineering calculations. It focuses on the parts of the building design process that most affect the occupants’ functional needs, and provides a technical but readily understandable foundation for the design of interior spaces. Residential as well as commercial and institutional spaces are included.

Building Systems for Interior Designers is listed by the National Council for Interior Design Qualification (NCIDQ) as a reference for preparation for the NCIDQ exam. The third edition is supplemented by online materials including an Instructors Manual with knowledge areas, topics for discussion, and definitions of key terms, PowerPoint presentations for each chapter, and a Test Bank with sample questions. Supplemental material is available at www.wiley.com/go/bsid3e.

Acknowledgements

The authorship of a book involves a great amount of solitary work and persistence. Turning the manuscript and illustrations into a published book involves the efforts of many others. I have nown published seven books—plus second and third editions of some of them—with the team at John Wiley & Sons, and I want to thank them once again for their professionalism, support, and good advice. I especially want to thank my editors, Paul Drougas, Lauren Poplowski, and Seth Schwartz, their able assistants Michael New and Melinda Noack, and production editor Amy Odum. The feedback of my colleagues and students is invaluable in assuring that this edition meets their needs. I especially benefitted from the review team of Dr. Jane L. Nichols, IDEC, NCIDQ, High Point University; Ji Young Cho, LEED AP, Kent State University; and Brian Sweny, AIA, IIDA, LEED AP, IDEC, SEED, Savannah College of Art and Design. As is the case with all my books, I am indebted to my husband, Keith Kirkpatrick, for his support and assistance. He puts up with my obsessive focus, makes sure I am properly fed, and gives solid advice when I’m struggling with a decision. Keith also reviewed and commented on all of the illustrations. Thank you, Keith!

Part I

The Building, the Environment, and Health and Safety

Interior designers today work closely with other design and construction professionals to provide functional, sustainable, and healthy buildings. Sustainable design is supporting a holistic approach to building systems, and older territorial distinctions between various architectural and engineering disciplines are opening up. Existing buildings are valued for the materials and energy they embody, and many projects involve the renovation of building interiors.

Interior designers are increasingly working as part of environmentally aware design teams. Sustainable design involves interior designers observing the impact of a building’s site, climate, and geography on its interior spaces. Building interior are increasingly open to natural settings and views, and the interior designer’s work may bridge interior and exterior spaces. Wise energy use dictates awareness of how sun, wind, and heat or cold affect the building’s interior.

While focusing on building elements that affect interior designers, Building Systems for Interior Designers, Third Edition addresses this multidisciplinary approach to building design. We begin our study of building systems in Part I by looking at the relationships among the environment, the building, and human health and safety.

Chapter 1, “Environmental Conditions and the Site,” looks at climate change, energy sources and consumption, and how site conditions affect building design.

Chapter 2, “Designing for the Environment,” investigates the building envelope and the role of insulation in heat flow. Energy efficient design, the building design process, and sustainable design are introduced.

Chapter 3, “Designing for Human Health and Safety,” addresses the interaction of the human body with the built environment and how building codes protect us.

Part I The Building, the Environment, and Health and Safety

Chapter 2 Designing for the Environment

Introduction
Building Envelope
History
Dynamic Building Envelope
Building Envelope and Codes
Exterior Walls
Roofs
Heat Flow and the Building Envelope
Terminology
Thermodynamics
Heat Flow and Building Envelope
Moisture Flow through Building Envelope
Envelope Thermal Performance
Insulation Materials
Air Films and Air Spaces
Insulation Types and Forms
Energy-Efficient Design
Passive Systems
Active Solar and Hybrid Systems
The Design Process
The Design Team
Integrated Design
Sustainable Design
Energy Efficiency and Conservation
Sustainability and Green Design
Energy and Materials
Setting Sustainability Goals
Sustainable Design Strategies
LEED System
High Performance Buildings

Chapter 3 Designing for Human Health and Safety

Introduction
Human Body and the Built Environment
Maintaining Thermal Equilibrium
Visual and Acoustic Comfort
Other Human Environmental Requirements
Hazardous Materials
Renovation Considerations
Lead
Asbestos
Mold
Building Codes and Standards
Building Codes
Standards and Organizations
Federal Codes and Regulations
Energy Efficiency Requirements

Part II Building Components

Chapter 4 Building Forms, Structures, and Elements

Introduction
History
Building Form
Structural System
Foundations
Building Loads
Types of Building Loads
Compression, Deflection, and Tension
Spanning Openings
Vertical Supports
Lateral Forces
Shearing Forces
Grid Frameworks
Service Cores
Structural Types
Light Frame Structures
Post-and-Beam and Heavy Timber
Masonry Structures
Concrete Structures
Metal Structures
Other Structural Types

Chapter 5 Floor/Ceiling Assemblies, Walls, and Stairs

Introduction
Horizontal Structural Units
Floor/Ceiling Assemblies
Interior Design Concerns
Floor Systems
Wall Systems
Load-Bearing Walls and Frames
Interior Walls and Partitions
Stairs and Ramps
Stairs
Ramps

Chapter 6 Windows and Doors

Introduction
History
Windows
Window Selection
Window Types
Glazing
Window Frames
Storm Windows and Screens
Thermal Transmission
Shading and Solar Control
Toplighting and Skylights
Toplighting
Doors
Thermal Performance
Exterior Doors
Interior Doors
Door Types
Fire Doors
Door Hardware

Part III Acoustics

Chapter 7 Acoustic Design Principles

Introduction
Sound Basics
Sound Propagation
Sound Waves
Frequency
Sound Magnitude
Hearing
Human Ear
Loudness
Sound Masking
Directivity and Discrimination
Sound Sources
Speech
Music
Noise
Vibration
Sound Paths
Attenuation
Reflected Sound
Natural Sound Reinforcement
Absorbed Sound

Chapter 8 Architectural Acoustics

Introduction
History
Acoustic Codes and Standards
Acoustic Design
Design Process
Room Acoustics
Building Noise Control
Controlling Exterior Noise
Controlling Interior Noise
Background Noise
Sound Transmission
Airborne and Structure-Borne Sound
Measuring Sound Transmission
Sound Absorption
Reducing Acoustic Energy
Measuring Sound Absorption
Reverberation
Sound Isolation
Mass
Resiliency
Tightness
Compound Barriers
Floor/Ceiling Assemblies
Special Acoustic Devices
Sound Transmission Between Spaces
Walls and Partitions
Flanking Paths
Impact Noise
Materials and Acoustics
Acoustic Products
Ceiling Products
Wall Panels
Flooring
Window Treatments and Upholstery
Acoustic Applications
Acoustic Criteria
Offices
Music Performance Spaces
Auditoriums
Lecture Rooms
Schools
Public Toilet Rooms
Residential Buildings
Electronic Sound Systems
Sound Reinforcement Systems
Sound Systems for Specific Spaces

Part IV Water and Waste Systems

Chapter 9 Water Supply Systems

Introduction
History
Codes and Testing
Plumbing and Construction Drawings
Water Sources and Use
Water Use
Hydrologic Cycle
Precipitation
Surface Water, Groundwater, and Stormwater
Conservation
Protecting the Water Supply
Water Distribution
Well Water
Municipal Water Supply Systems
Water Quality
Distribution within Buildings
Hot Water
Hot Water Heaters
Chilled Water
Gas Supply and Distribution

Chapter 10 Waste and Reuse Systems

Introduction
History
Sanitary Waste Systems
Sanitary Piping Elements
Residential Waste Piping
Large Building Waste Piping
Treating and Recycling Wastewater
Recycled Water
Rural Sewage Treatment
Centralized Sewage Treatment Systems
Solid Waste Systems
Recycling
Small Building Solid Waste Collection
Large Building Solid Waste Collection

Chapter 11 Fixtures and Appliances

Introduction
History of Bathrooms
Plumbing Fixtures
General Code Requirements
Bathroom Fixtures
Water Closets
Urinals
Bidets
Lavatories and Sinks
Bathtubs
Showers
Steam Rooms and Saunas
Residential Bathroom Design
Bathroom Design History
Bathroom Planning
Designing Public Toilet Rooms
Toilet Room Accessibility
Drinking Fountains
Appliances and Equipment
Residential Kitchens
Residential Appliances
Laundry Areas
Compressed Air

Part V Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Systems

Chapter 12 Principles of Thermal Comfort

Introduction
History
Thermal Comfort
Designing for Thermal Comfort
Comfort Range
Principles of Heat Transfer
Thermal Energy Transfer
Air Temperature and Air Motion
Water Vapor and Heat Transfer
Thermal Capacity and Resistance
Thermal Mass
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Resistance
Thermal Feel
Mechanical Engineering Design Process
Phases of Design Process
Thermal Comfort Zones
Heating and Cooling Loads

Chapter 13 Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation, and Moisture Control

Introduction
ASHRAE Standards and LEED
Indoor Air Quality
Illnesses Related to Buildings
Sources of Pollution
Indoor Air Quality Equipment
Plants and Indoor Air Quality
Controls for Indoor Air Quality
Infiltration and Ventilation
Infiltration
Ventilation
Natural Ventilation
Attic and Roof Ventilation
Mechanical Ventilation
Residential Ventilation Systems
Fans
Humidity and Moisture Control
Water Movement
Humidity
Condensation
Dehumidification
Chapter
Heating and Cooling
Introduction
Architectural and Engineering Considerations
HVAC Design Process
History
Building Energy Conservation
Codes and Standards
Heating Systems
Central Heating Systems
Building Heating Fuels
Solar Space Heating
Fireplaces and Wood-Burning Stoves
Mechanical Heating Systems
Radiant Heating
Electric-Resistance Heat
Natural Convection Heating Units
Warm-Air Heating
Cooling Systems
History of Cooling
Passive Cooling
Mechanical Cooling
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems
HVAC Zones
HVAC System Components
HVAC Distribution
Terminal Delivery Devices
Control Systems

Part VI Electrical and Lighting Systems

Chapter 15 Electrical System Basics

Introduction
History
Electrical System Design Process
Codes and Standards
Principles of Electricity
Types of Electricity
Electrical Current
Electrical Power Sources
Photovoltaic (PV) Power
Other Electrical Energy Sources
Electricity and Safety
Electrical Shocks
Grounding
Electrical Fire Safety
Circuit Protection

Chapter 16 Electrical Distribution

Introduction
Electrical System Design Procedure
Electrical Service Equipment
Electrical Power Distribution Systems
Interior Distribution
Branch Circuits
Electrical Wiring and Distribution
Interior Wiring Systems
Full Access Floors and Wiring
Low-Voltage Wiring
Power Line Carrier Systems
Electrical Emergency Systems
Wireless Systems
Electrical Design for Residences
Residential Code Requirements
Residential Branch Circuits
Wiring Devices
Outlet and Device Boxes
Electrical Plugs
Electrical Receptacles
Switches
Electrical Loads
Residential Appliances
Appliance Control and Energy Conservation

Chapter 17 Lighting Systems

Introduction
History of Lighting
Lighting Design Team
Lighting Calculation Methods
Lighting Design Process
Lighting Codes and Standards
Light and Vision
Physics of Light
Vision
Color and Light
Quantity of Light
Glare
Lighting Effects
Daylighting
History of Daylighting
Characteristics of Daylight
Daylighting Design
Daylighting and Fenestration
Electric Lighting
History of Electric Lighting
Electric Lighting Design
Electric Light Sources
Characteristics of Sources
Selecting Light Sources
Luminaire Light Control
Light Source Controls
Remote Source Lighting
Luminaires
Characteristics of Lighting Fixtures
Lighting Fixture Selection
Lighting Controls
Tuning and Maintenance
Emergency Lighting
Lighting Design Applications
Residential Applications
Commercial Applications

Part VII Fire Safety, Conveyance, Security, and Communications

Chapter 18 Fire Safety Design

Introduction
History
Design for Fire Safety
Basic Principles
Fire Risk
Combustion
Fire Safety Codes
Construction Types
Occupancy Hazard Classifications
Means of Egress
Building Types
Means of Egress Components
Protecting the Building
Compartmentation
Construction Assemblies and Elements
Materials and Fire Protection
Codes and Standards
Finish Classes and Test Ratings
Firefighting
Smoke Management
Fire Detection
Residential Detectors
Fire Alarm Systems
Residential Alarm Systems
Commercial and Institutional Systems
Alarm System Operation
Fire Suppression
Sprinkler Systems
Other Fire Suppression Systems
Portable Fire Extinguishers

Chapter 19 Conveyance Systems

Introduction
History
Codes and Standards
Elevators
Elevator Design
Elevator Machines
Passenger Elevators
Freight Elevators
Service Cars and Special Elevators
Elevator Security
Elevator Systems
Elevator Lobbies
Escalators and Moving Walks
Escalators
Moving Walks and Ramps
Materials Handling
Dumbwaiters
Conveyors
Pneumatic Systems
Automated Container Delivery Systems

Chapter 20 Communications, Security, and Control Equipment

Introduction
Signal Systems
Communication Systems
Residential Communications
Office Building Communications
School Communication Systems,
Data and Communications Wiring
Premise Wiring
Television
Telecommunications
Security Systems
Security Equipment
Control and Automation Equipment
Automation
Intelligent Buildings
Building Controls
Bibliography
Index

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